India’s Economic Reforms in 2025 From Taxes to Jobs
As 2025 comes to a close, India’s economic reforms reflect a clear transition. The focus shifted from expanding regulations to delivering real outcomes. Policies in taxation, labor, rural employment, MSMEs, GST and trade aimed to reduce friction, improve predictability, and strengthen long-term growth.
Reform Path in India
- Over the last decade, India has pursued structural reforms to modernize governance.
- By 2025, these reforms matured into outcome-oriented policies.
- The guiding ideas were ease of living, ease of doing business, and economic resilience.
Income Tax Reforms: Boost to Disposable Income
One of the most impactful reforms came through direct tax changes in the Union Budget 2025-26.
Key highlights include,
- Income up to ₹12 lakh exempt under the new tax regime
- Effective exemption up to ₹12.75 lakh for salaried taxpayers due to standard deduction
- This significantly increased disposable income for the middle class, supporting consumption and savings.
New Income Tax Act, 2025
A major structural reform was the replacement of the Income-tax Act, 1961 with the Income Tax Act, 2025.
The focus was on simplification, not higher taxes.
Key changes,
- Removal of obsolete provisions
- Modern and simpler language
- Introduction of a single “Tax Year” (ending assessment year confusion)
- Stronger faceless administration and digital enforcement
- Improved dispute resolution
- This reduced litigation and improved tax certainty.
Labor Reforms: Simplification with Protection
In 2025, India operationalized the consolidation of 29 labour laws into four Labor Codes.
These codes cover,
- Wages
- Industrial relations
- Social security
- Occupational safety
The reforms simplified compliance for employers while expanding worker protections, especially for gig and platform workers.
Nearly 10 million gig workers were brought under social security, with coverage extending to over 50 crore workers nationwide.
Rural Employment: From MGNREGA to Viksit Bharat Mission
A major shift occurred with the enactment of the Viksit Bharat – Guarantee for Rozgar and Ajeevika Mission (Gramin) Act, 2025.
This law replaced MGNREGA with a modernised framework.
Key features,
- 125 days of guaranteed wage employment per rural household
- Timely wage payments
- Focus on durable asset creation in water security, infrastructure and climate resilience
- Decentralized planning through Viksit Gram Panchayat Plans improved local ownership and outcomes.
MSME Reforms: Credit and Compliance Ease
Reforms for MSMEs focused on reducing friction and improving access to finance.
Key measures included,
- Phased and MSME-friendly Quality Control Orders
- Expanded collateral free credit and credit guarantees
- Improved working capital norms
The MSME definition was expanded in Budget 2025-26, enabling firms to scale, generate jobs, and remain competitive.
GST 2.0: Simpler Indirect Tax System
The next-generation GST reforms in 2025 aimed at simplicity and fairness.
Major changes,
- Move towards a two-rate structure (5% and 18%)
- Reduction in classification disputes
- Faster refunds and simplified returns
GST collections reached ₹22.08 lakh crore in FY 2024-25, with the taxpayer base expanding to over 1.5 crore.
Trade and Export Reforms
To boost exports, the government approved the Export Promotion Mission with an outlay of ₹25,060 crore (2025-26 to 2030-31).
The mission unified trade support by combining,
- Affordable trade finance
- Logistics and compliance support
- Branding and market access
Digitization through National Single Window, ICEGATE, and e-commerce export hubs improved efficiency and MSME participation.
Key Takeaways
- Income tax exemption raised to ₹12 lakh
- Income Tax Act, 2025 simplified direct taxes
- Labor laws consolidated into four labor codes
- Rural employment guaranteed 125 days
- GST simplified with higher compliance and collections
Question
Q. Under the Union Budget 2025-26, income exempt from tax under the new regime is up to:
A. ₹10 lakh
B. ₹11 lakh
C. ₹12 lakh
D. ₹15 lakh
